| Manual Wheelchairs |
Wheeled mobility devices propelled by the user or pushed by another person. |
Provide seated movement and support for people who cannot walk safely or efficiently. |
People with lower-limb weakness, paralysis, fatigue, or balance limitations. |
Push rims, caregiver assistance, or power-assist systems. |
Indoor spaces, paved outdoor areas, and accessible public facilities. |
Lower weight, improved seating adjustment, better propulsion efficiency, and easier transport. |
Established |
| Powered Wheelchairs |
Motorized wheeled devices that provide electrically assisted mobility and postural support. |
Enable independent movement when walking or manual propulsion is difficult. |
People with significant strength, coordination, or endurance limitations. |
Joystick, head control, switch control, sip-and-puff control, or other alternative interfaces. |
Homes, healthcare facilities, sidewalks, and accessible buildings. |
Adaptive controls, obstacle detection, improved range, and safer interaction with pedestrians. |
Established |
| Walkers and Rollators |
Hand-supported mobility aids that increase stability during standing and walking. |
Improve balance, reduce fall risk, and provide partial weight support. |
Older adults and people with weakness, impaired balance, or reduced endurance. |
Hand grip, body weight, braking levers, and user-directed steering. |
Indoor environments and relatively even outdoor surfaces. |
Improved braking, ergonomic adjustment, foldability, and integrated safety feedback. |
Established |
| Canes and Crutches |
Hand-held devices that provide balance assistance or transfer part of body weight away from the lower limbs. |
Support short-distance walking and compensate for temporary or permanent limb impairment. |
People recovering from injury or surgery and people with unilateral weakness. |
Hand grip and direct physical placement by the user. |
Indoor and outdoor walking on stable surfaces. |
Better fit adjustment, pressure distribution, shock absorption, and user safety monitoring. |
Established |
| Lower-Limb Prostheses |
Artificial limb systems that replace part or all of a missing lower extremity. |
Restore support, standing ability, and varying levels of walking function after limb loss. |
People with acquired or congenital lower-limb absence. |
Body movement, socket pressure, mechanical alignment, and sensor-based control in advanced systems. |
Homes, workplaces, community environments, and recreational settings. |
More natural movement, improved comfort, adaptive control, and reduced energy demand. |
Established and advancing |
| Orthoses and Functional Electrical Stimulation |
External supports or electrical stimulation systems that assist, stabilize, or guide impaired joints and muscles. |
Improve limb alignment, foot clearance, muscle activation, and walking stability. |
People with stroke-related weakness, neurological conditions, or joint instability. |
Mechanical movement, body sensors, muscle activity, or timed electrical impulses. |
Rehabilitation settings and daily walking on predictable surfaces. |
Personalized control, better comfort, gait-specific assistance, and smaller wearable components. |
Clinically used |
| Robotic Exoskeletons |
Wearable external structures that use mechanical assistance to support or generate limb movement. |
Assist standing, stepping, gait training, or physical task performance. |
Selected users with neurological or musculoskeletal movement impairments. |
Motion sensors, pressure sensors, programmed gait patterns, and therapist settings. |
Primarily supervised rehabilitation and carefully assessed environments. |
Lower weight, longer operating time, improved balance assistance, and broader home use. |
Emerging and specialized |
| Stair-Climbing and Vertical-Mobility Devices |
Assistive systems designed to help a person or mobility device move between different floor levels. |
Reduce barriers created by stairs and improve access to multi-level buildings. |
Wheelchair users and people unable to climb stairs independently. |
Operator controls, caregiver controls, safety locks, and guided movement mechanisms. |
Buildings with suitable stair dimensions, ramps, lifts, or other access infrastructure. |
Improved safety verification, compact storage, automatic alignment, and wider building compatibility. |
Specialized |
| Smart Mobility Sensors |
Embedded or wearable sensors that collect information about movement, obstacles, posture, or device condition. |
Support safer navigation, fall detection, activity monitoring, and adaptive assistance. |
Users of mobility aids, caregivers, clinicians, and rehabilitation professionals. |
Inertial sensors, pressure sensors, proximity sensors, cameras, and environmental beacons. |
Homes, clinics, assisted-living environments, and accessible public spaces. |
More reliable real-time detection, privacy-preserving processing, and personalized alerts. |
Rapidly developing |
| Accessible Navigation Systems |
Digital tools that provide route information adapted to mobility, sensory, or environmental access needs. |
Help users identify accessible paths, entrances, crossings, elevators, and temporary obstacles. |
People with mobility limitations and users of wheeled mobility devices. |
Touchscreen, voice input, location services, digital maps, and user-defined access preferences. |
Urban areas, transport networks, campuses, healthcare sites, and public buildings. |
More accurate accessibility data, real-time obstruction updates, and personalized route planning. |
Available and expanding |
| Transfer and Patient-Lifting Equipment |
Mechanical or powered equipment used to move a person safely between beds, chairs, toilets, and other surfaces. |
Reduce physical strain and injury risk during transfers. |
People with limited weight-bearing ability and their caregivers. |
Caregiver controls, electric actuators, slings, rails, and mechanical supports. |
Hospitals, care homes, rehabilitation facilities, and adapted homes. |
Improved fitting, easier operation, enhanced user dignity, and better caregiver safety. |
Established |
| Mobility-Related Rehabilitation Technology |
Equipment and software used to assess, train, or improve movement and walking performance. |
Support recovery, maintain function, and measure progress during rehabilitation. |
People recovering from neurological, orthopedic, or cardiopulmonary conditions. |
Therapist guidance, treadmills, body-weight support, motion capture, and performance sensors. |
Hospitals, outpatient clinics, rehabilitation centers, and selected home programs. |
Remote monitoring, individualized training intensity, and data-supported clinical decisions. |
Clinically established |
| Universal Access Infrastructure |
Built-environment features that enable movement for people with diverse physical abilities. |
Remove environmental barriers through ramps, lifts, curb cuts, tactile surfaces, and accessible entrances. |
People with mobility, vision, hearing, or balance limitations, as well as the general public. |
Physical design, signage, automatic doors, elevators, and environmental controls. |
Homes, workplaces, transport hubs, healthcare facilities, and public spaces. |
Inclusive design, connected building systems, improved maintenance, and real-time accessibility information. |
Foundational |